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Ivar of Waterford ((アイルランド語:Ímar, rí Puirt Láirgi); Old Norse: ''Ívar'') (died 1000) was the Norse king of Waterford from at least 969 until his death in the year 1000, and also reigned as King of Dublin, possibly from 989 to 993,〔Etchingham, p. 181〕 and certainly again for less than a year between 994 and 995, returning after his expulsion from the city in 993 by Sigtrygg Silkbeard, who would expel him for good the next time. Like his relation and contemporary Ivar of Limerick, and with whom he may actually be confused in one or two instances, Ivar's parentage is a little uncertain. However Clare Downham argues that his claim to Dublin and the names of his sons and grandsons suggest he did belong to the Uí Ímair dynasty.〔Downham 2007, pp. 56–7〕 In 1867 James Henthorn Todd suggested him as a son of another Ímar, slain in battle against Ruaidrí ua Canannáin in 950,〔Annals of the Four Masters 948.15()〕 and assumed to be a son of the powerful Ragnall ua Ímair,〔Todd, p. 294〕 King of Northumbria, who occupied Waterford and raided Munster from it in the second decade of the 10th century before moving on to take Scandinavian York. Ivar of Waterford had children and grandchildren also named Ragnall. Mary Valante agrees with Todd.〔Valante, p. 178〕 ==Career== Ivar had a long and active career,〔Those entries in the Irish annals in which Ivar is mentioned by name can be found collected by Clare Downham in her prosopography of the Norse of the period in her 2007 ''Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014'', in the back following the main text, where she presents them in an abbreviated and condensed format for convenience. The full entries themselves, edited and translated by different scholars, can be further compared and examined by following the links provided in the references section of this article.〕 and is first noted in 969 allied with, among several other parties, Mathgamain mac Cennétig of Dál gCais, to defend the Osraige against an attack by Murchad mac Finn, King of Leinster.〔Annals of the Four Masters 967.12()〕 His activities are then unknown (in the surviving sources) for over a decade, but following the retirement and death of Amlaíb Cuarán, King of Dublin in 980–1, Alex Woolf argues Ivar could have been assuming the role of leader of the Norse-Irish resistance to Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill,〔Woolf, ''From Pictland to Alba'', p. 216〕 who had defeated Amlaíb in the Battle of Tara in 980 and to whom Amlaíb's son Glúniairn and the Kingdom of Dublin were now subordinate. In 982 Ivar plundered Kildare in Máel Sechnaill's territory.〔Annals of Ulster 982.4; Annals of Tigernach 982.2〕 Next year he joined forces with the King of Leinster Domnall Claen in a major battle against Máel Sechnaill and Glúniairn, in which his side suffered a rout and many were slain, with his son Gilla Pátraic and others of distinction among the dead.〔Annals of Ulster 983.2; Annals of Tigernach 983.1; Chronicon Scotorum 983; Annals of the Four Masters 982.5()〕 Máel Sechnaill then ravaged Leinster. A year later in 984 Ivar appears to have entered into an alliance with Brian Bóruma (successor of Mathgamain), and with the brothers Maccus and Gofraid mac Arailt, Kings of Mann and the Isles, turning from his alliance with Leinster to agree to attack both that kingdom and Dublin. According to Clare Downham, "their combined armies ravaged through the province but do not appear to have reached Dublin".〔Downham 2007, pp. 56–7〕 She also suggests that Ivar's dynasty's long alliance with Dál gCais may have aided Brian in his later quest to dominate Ireland, and offers evidence of a similar long alliance with the Osraige.〔Downham 2004, p. 89, 94〕 Nine years later in 993 he is reported in the Annals of Inisfallen as being expelled from Dublin, possibly after having reigned there from 989 after Glúniairn's death, by Glúniairn's brother Sigtrygg Silkbeard,〔Annals of Inisfallen 993.6〕 although according to the Annals of the Four Masters this was achieved "through the intercession of the saints".〔Annals of the Four Masters 992.21()〕 A year or two later in 994 or 995 Ivar is noted for expelling Sigtrygg from the kingship,〔Annals of Tigernach 995.1; Annals of the Four Masters 994.6〕 but he would only reign for a short time as Silkbeard returned to force him out later in 995.〔Annals of Clonmacnoise 988(); Downham 2007, p. 261〕 However, the Annals of Clonmacnoise report the sequence of events a little differently, saying "Hymer raigned in Dublin after Awley. Randolphe (son ) was killed by the Leinstermen, Hymer was put to flight and Gittrick was king of Dublin in his place.",〔Annals of Clonmacnoise 988(?–995 )〕 interestingly ignoring the reign of Glúniairn altogether. Ivar is attested in no other source in Dublin so early and the account may be confused. His last known activity was a raid into Uí Cheinnselaig in Leinster in 998, where his army lost some men and the greater part of their horses.〔Annals of the Four Masters 997.10()〕 The annals report him dying two years later, but do not mention the cause.〔Annals of Ulster 1000.3; Annals of Tigernach 1000.2; Chronicon Scotorum 1000; Annals of the Four Masters 999.7 ()〕 According to Geoffrey Keating in his circa 1634 ''History of Ireland'', which is based on the annals and other sources, Ivar at some point in his career joined forces with Domnall mac Fáelain, King of the Déisi Muman, to invade the province of Munster, and they plundered the greater part of it before being defeated by Brian Bóruma, who burned Waterford in retaliation.〔''Foras Feasa ar Éirinn'', p. 241〕 No mention is made of any previous or following alliance between Ivar and the Dál Cais. Outside of Ireland and returning to the early 980s, Alex Woolf suggests Ivar may have engaged in a number of raids in southwestern England which are reported in the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle''.〔Woolf, ''From Pictland to Alba'', p. 216; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 980, 981, 982〕 These entries mention no leader specifically but he was the most active Norse-Irish ruler at the time. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ivar of Waterford」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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